events
The Journey of Reconciliation, the first interracial Freedom Ride begins through the upper South in violation of Jim Crow laws. The riders wanted enforcement of the United States Supreme Court's 1946 Irene Morgan decision that banned racial segregation in interstate travel.
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Journey of Reconciliation
1947 anti-segregation nonviolent protest in the southern United States
The Journey of Reconciliation, also called "First Freedom Ride", was a form of nonviolent direct action to challenge state segregation laws on interstate buses in the Southern United States. Bayard Rustin and 18 other men and women were the early organizers of the two-week…Source: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA)
Freedom Riders
American civil rights activists of the 1960s
Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States in 1961 and subsequent years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions Morgan v. Virginia (1946) and Boynton v. Virginia (1960),…Source: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA)
Southern United States
One of the four census regions of the US
The Southern United States is one of the four census regions defined by the United States Census Bureau. It is between the Atlantic Ocean and the Western United States, with the Midwestern and Northeastern United States to its north and the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico to its south.Source: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA)
Jim Crow laws
Laws enforcing racial segregation in the U.S.
The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation, "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for black people. The last of the Jim Crow laws were generally overturned in 1965.…Source: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA)
Supreme Court of the United States
Highest court of jurisdiction in the US
The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that turn on questions of U.S. constitutional or federal law.…Source: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA)
1946
Calendar year
1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1946th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 946th year of the 2nd millennium, the 46th year of the 20th century, and the 7th year of the 1940s decade.Source: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA)
Irene Morgan
African-American anti-segregation activist
Irene Amos Morgan, later known as Irene Morgan Kirkaldy, was an African-American woman from Baltimore, Maryland, who was arrested in Middlesex County, Virginia, in 1944 under a state law imposing racial segregation in public facilities and transportation. She was traveling on an…Source: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA)
Racial segregation
Systemic separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life
Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life. Segregation can involve the spatial separation of the races, and mandatory use of different institutions, such as schools and hospitals by people of different races. Specifically, it…Source: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA)