The Senate chooses Pertinax against his will to succeed Commodus as Roman emperor.

Publius Helvius Pertinax

Publius Helvius Pertinax was Roman emperor for the first three months of 193. He succeeded Commodus to become the first emperor during the tumultuous Year of the Five Emperors.

Historical Background

Rome, 177 AD. Marcus Aurelius, the philosopher king, has reigned for nearly two decades, maintaining the peace and prosperity that had come to be known as the Pax Romana. But amidst the grandeur and stability, a successor must be chosen. Little does Rome know, the future will not reflect the past.

The Event

Marcus Aurelius hands over the reins to his son, Commodus. The people rejoice, expecting continuity and stability under their new leader. However, as the years pass, a different side of Commodus emerges.

Why This Moment Mattered

Commodus's reign marks a significant shift in the Roman Empire. Whereas Marcus Aurelius was known for his wisdom and foresight, Commodus's rule is characterized by extravagance and instability. Gone are the days of steady growth and strategic expansion under the philosopher king.

Lasting Impact

Commodus's rule is often cited as the end of the Pax Romana. His excesses, combined with military defeats and economic instability, plunge the Empire into a period of decline that continues for centuries to come.

Under Commodus, Rome begins its descent from the heights of power it had held under his father. The once-great Empire will never fully regain its former glory.

Historical Background

The Roman Empire, one of the most powerful civilizations in history, did not refer to its leaders as emperors during their time. Instead, they held various titles such as Augustus, Basileus, Imperator, and Caesar. These titles reflected different aspects of their roles, with Augustus being the most common for the emperor.

The Event

In 27 BC, Octavian, a prominent figure in Roman politics, was granted the title of Augustus by the Roman Senate. This event marked the formal establishment of the Roman Empire, with Octavian becoming its first emperor.

Why This Moment Mattered

Octavian's rise to power signaled a shift from the unstable period of the Roman Republic to an era of stability and expansion. The Senate's decision to grant him the title of Augustus was a strategic move aimed at consolidating Rome's power and preventing further civil war.

Lasting Impact

Octavian's rule as the first Roman emperor laid the foundation for over 400 years of continuous Roman rule, during which the empire expanded significantly, conquering territories across Europe, Africa, and Asia. His reign marked the beginning of a new era in Rome's history, transforming it from a republic into an empire.

Historical Background

The Gregorian Calendar, the most commonly used calendar system in the Western world today, was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in October 1582. This new calendar aimed to correct the errors of its predecessor, the Julian Calendar, and brought us the concept of New Year's Day we celebrate today.

The Event

January 1 marks a turning point in our annual cycle. It is the day that signifies the start of a new year - a fresh beginning for individuals, communities, and nations alike. Known as New Year's Day, this moment brings about resolutions, celebrations, and reflections on the year gone by.

Why This Moment Mattered

The significance of January 1 lies in its ability to provide a unified start to the year. Before the Gregorian Calendar was introduced, different cultures celebrated the new year at various times throughout the year. By standardizing this practice, we have created a shared experience across many societies.

Lasting Impact

New Year's Day continues to be a significant cultural and social event worldwide. It is a time for family gatherings, festive meals, and the exchange of gifts. The tradition of making resolutions also dates back to this day, reflecting our collective hope for personal growth and improvement in the coming year.