A group of imperial guards, led by Trịnh Duy Sản, murdered Emperor Lê Tương Dực and fled, leaving the capital Thăng Long undefended.

The Trần Cao rebellion in 1516 is a rebellion in 16th century Vietnam, led by Trần Cao against the Lê dynasty and is regarded as an important factor leading to the collapse of the Early period Lê. It was the second rebellion led against the Lê, following an uprising led by Tŕân Tuân in 1511.

Lê Tương Dực, birth name Lê Oanh (黎瀠), reigned from 1509 to 1516, was the ninth emperor of the later Lê dynasty of Đại Việt. The only primary account of his life and reign was the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, the official historical chronicle of Đại Việt during the Lê dynasty which was completed in 1697 under the direction of the Trịnh lords. The chronicle described Lê Tương Dực as initially being a good emperor who reorganized the court and ruled the nation wisely. However, later during his reign, he became overly greedy, corrupt and extravagant.

Hanoi is the capital and second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river". As a municipality, since 2025, Hanoi consists of 51 wards and 75 communes. The city encompasses an area of 3,359.84 km² (1,297.24 sq mi). and as of 2025 has a population of 8,807,523. Hanoi had the second-highest gross regional domestic product of all Vietnamese provinces and municipalities at US$58,6 billion in 2025, behind only Ho Chi Minh City.