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Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, is excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX for his failure to participate in the Crusades during the Investiture Controversy.
Related Wikipedia articles
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 to 1250
Frederick II was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225. He was the son of Emperor Henry VI of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and Queen Constance I of Sicily of the Hauteville dynasty.Source: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA)
Pope Gregory IX
Head of the Catholic Church from 1227 to 1241
Pope Gregory IX was head of the Catholic Church and the ruler of the Papal States from 19 March 1227 until his death in 1241. He is known for issuing the Decretales and instituting the Papal Inquisition, in response to the failures of the episcopal inquisitions established…Source: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA)
Crusades
Religious wars of the High Middle Ages
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and at times directed by the Papacy during the Middle Ages. The most prominent of these were the campaigns to the Holy Land aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and its surrounding territories from Muslim rule.…Source: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA)
Investiture Controversy
11th- to 12th-century dispute between secular rulers and the papacy
The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture), abbots of monasteries, and the Pope himself. A series of popes in the 11th and 12th centuries…Source: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA)
September 29
Day of the year
September 29 is the 272nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 93 days remain until the end of the year.Source: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA)